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History · pre-1950

The automobile did not begin with a single idea

The available sources foreground Karl Benz’s 1886 patent, while also describing parallel developments and distinct industrial trajectories. Telling this history means distinguishing between a patent, a vehicle, an engine and a company.

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History · pre-1950

Before cars, Peugeot made coffee mills

Peugeot’s story did not begin with a car. The available evidence places its origins in a workshop making coffee mills and other utensils, before it moved into bicycles and, eventually, motor vehicles. That journey invites us to distinguish a brand’s continuity from the changing products it actually made.

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History · pre-1950

Distributing films in Spain: companies, cinemas and documentary memory

Film history is also shaped between a completed film and its arrival in cinemas. Drawing on sources about Spanish distribution, this article explores distributors’ role, the early twentieth-century context of expansion, debate over the presence of domestic films, and the value of archives preserving traces of this activity.

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Analysis · pre-1950

When a Toy Enters the Museum: Childhood, Material Culture and Memory

Toys do more than evoke an individual childhood: they make it possible to study crafts, materials, educational models, consumption and everyday life. Drawing on documented collections and exhibitions in Spain and Colombia, this analysis examines what changes when an object of play is preserved and interpreted as heritage.

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